Diversity and distribution of ericaceae species in muong la nature reserve, son la province

Management of Forest Resources and Environment 
JOURNAL OF FORESTRY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY NO. 2 - 2018 147
DIVERSITY AND DISTRIBUTION OF ERICACEAE SPECIES IN 
MUONG LA NATURE RESERVE, SON LA PROVINCE 
Pham Thanh Trang1, Nguyen Thi Thu2, Phung Thi Tuyen3, 
Do Van Truong4, Ly Ta Chun5, Hoang Manh Quyen6 
1,2,3,5,6Vietnam National University of Forestry 
4Vietnam National Museum of Nature, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology 
SUMMARY 
This study provides diversity of species composition, phenology and distribution of the family Ericaceae in 
Muong La Nature Reserve (Muong La NR), Son La province. A total of 11 species belong to six genera 
consisting of Rhododendron, Craibiodendron, Vaccinium, Lyonia, Monotropastrum, and Enkianthus were 
recorded for the flora of Muong La NR. Most of Ericaceae species distribute in a mountain of ever green 
subtropical forest from 1,500 to more than 2,400 m above sea level where covered by foggy condition year-
round. The flowering or fruiting periods of nine Ericaceae species were also observed in this study. The results 
indicated that three species have the flowering time from June to July (Rhododendron maddenii sub sp. crissum 
(Franch.) Cullen, Lyonia villosa var. villosa Ridley, and Rhododendron arborium subsp. cinnamomum (Lindl) 
Tagg) and six species had fruiting time from July to August (Rhododendron tanastylum var. tanastylum Ridley, 
Rhododendron nuttalii Booth, Craibiodendron henryi W. W. Sm., Vaccinium dunalianum Wight, Enkianthus 
quinqueflorus var. serrulatus Wilson, and Monotropastrum humile (D. Don) Hata.) The important information 
of species diversity, distribution and phenological characteristics of Ericaceae family in Muong La NR in this 
study will be a useful reference for further work. 
Keywords: Distribution, Ericaceae, Muong La Nature Reserve, Rhododendron. 
I. INTRODUCTION 
The family Ericaceae, a large cosmopolitan family 
represented by 4,000 species in 125 genera which 
widely distributed in temperate and subarctic areas, 
and high elevations in tropical regions (Fang et al., 
2007). Ericaceae species have been used in 
horticulture and medicine due to their colorful flowers 
and high antioxidant activities, respectively (Duy et 
al., 2015; Guendouze-Bouchefa et al., 2015). Of 
which, Rhododendron is the most species-rich genus 
with more than 1,000 species distributed in humid 
tropical and subtropical forest whereas Arbutus, 
Calluna, and Erica genera present the highest 
diversity under the Mediterranean climates (Yevhen 
et al., 2017; Guendouze-Bouchfa et al., 2015). 
 Ericaceae has been well-known from the 
neighboring countries as China and Thailand. 
The recent study recorded a total of 826 species 
and 22 genera, with 524 endemic species for the 
flora of China (Fang et al., 2007). In Vietnam, 
the number of species in Ericaceae was evaluated 
about 81 species which distribute in high 
mountains with cool climate (Ban, 2000; Ho, 
1999). Muong La Nature Reserve (Muong La 
NR) is located in Ngoc Chien, Nam Pam, and 
Hua Trai communes of Muong La district, Son 
La province. Its total area is 15,806.71 ha. 
Muong La NR plays an important role in keeping 
various species and genetics of evergreen forest 
in North-West of Vietnam. Additionally, this 
area possesses main roles in watershed delivery 
for several lakes that were contributed to 
hydroelectric plants. However, by over logging 
and natural disasters, the flora and fauna in this 
area are suffering from serious threats (Forest 
Protection Department of Son La Province, 
2014). A large number of plant species in this 
area might be extincted in near future, especially 
Ericaceae species (Trang et al., 2017). 
Muong La, a new Nature Reserve in 
Vietnam was established in June 2015 
(People’s Community of Son La province, 
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2015). The studies on flora in this area are very 
few and unsystematic. According to the report 
of Forest Protection Department of Son La 
Province in 2014, the number of 622 plant 
species, 130 families of five divisions in 
Muong La NR were evaluated. Therefore, to 
provide scientific information for sustainable 
management, conservation and utilization of 
Ericaceae, the study of distributions and 
phenological characteristics of species in 
Ericaceae was conducted. 
II. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 
Secondary data collection 
Desk study method was used in this 
research for carefully assessing secondary data 
of plant diversity from previous publications 
and reports of Muong La NR. 
Field work 
Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) 
surveys (Quoc, L. H et al., 1998): The PRA 
survey was conducted to explore the 
indigenous knowledge of local people about 
number of species in Ericaceae family, the 
local name, the abundance and distribution of 
them in the study area. Total of 30 
interviewees including villagers (25 people) 
and forest rangers (five people) who deeply 
understand plant species in the forest of this 
area were involved in this study. The 
informants selected from each village are the 
most knowledgeable ones as suggested by 
respected elders and administrators who 
participated in the selection processes. The 
ages of the informants are between 20 and 60 
years. The information collected from PRA 
surveys are important for the research to get 
the first understanding about tree species of 
this family before designing the field surveys. 
The combination of indigenous knowledge and 
scientific knowledge makes better 
classification and analysis of species diversity 
in this family. 
Forest inventory: The forest inventory is 
established to assess Ericaceae species 
diversity and status. The current vegetation 
maps were used to identify the distribution of 
all the vegetation types in this area and then 
decide the transect locations. Four transects 
(transect 1: from Hua Ke to Po Ke 2; transect 
2: from Po Ke 2 to Ta Sua peak; transect 3: 
from Ta Sua peak to Hua Sang; and transect 4: 
from Hua Sang to Hua Ke) with total of 15 km 
were established around and from the base to 
the top of the hills so that samples of four 
vegetation types on different slopes and reliefs 
were collected (Figure 1). At each transect, a 
GPS reference was recorded for longitude, 
latitude and altitude, all plants of Ericaceae 
were listed and described and at least three 
samples were gathered. Collected samples 
from study site were immersed in ethanol 70% 
and then kept in plastic bags for 4 - 10 hours. 
Afterward, samples were natural dried or dried 
in an oven at 50ºC for three days. Voucher 
specimens have been kept in herbarium of 
Center for Biodiversity and Sustainable Forest 
Management, Vietnam National University of 
Forestry. The samples were identified by 
comparing to standard specimens in 
herbariums of Vietnam National University of 
Forestry (VNUF), National Museum of Nature 
(VNMN), and Hanoi National University 
(HNU). Species identification was also based 
on the floral books including Flora of Vietnam 
(Ho, 1999), Flore générale de l'Indo-Chine 
(Lecomte, 1930), Flora of China (Fang, 2007). 
The data were compared to the information 
collected from PRA surveys about plant 
resources in the past and their trends, which 
were used to figure out the conservation status 
of the species in the study site. 
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Figure 1. Study transects in Muong La NR 
Transect 1: From Hua Ke (E00507811/N02391588) to Po Ke 2 (E00508000/N02390700); 
Transect 2: From Po Ke 2 (E00508000/N02390700) to Ta Sua peak (E00510469/N02398583); 
Transect 3: From Ta Sua peak (E00510469/N02398583) to Hua Sang (E00510214/N02392563); 
Transect 4: From Hua Sang (E00510214/N02392563) to Hua Ke (E00510571/N02390719). 
III. RESUTLS AND DISCUSSIONS 
3.1. Diversity of Ericaceae species in Muong La NR 
Table 1. Diversity of Ericaceae species in Muong La NR 
Name of species Collection 
numbers Scientific names Common names 
Craibiodendron henryi W. W. Sm. Cáp mộc bì đúp ML02 
Vaccinium dunalianum Wight Việt quất lá có đuôi ML05 
Rhododendron arborium sub sp. cinnamomum (Lindl) Tagg Đỗ quyên cây ML32 
Rhododendron nuttalii Booth Đỗ quyên mộc lan ML41 
Rhododendron tanastylum var. tanastylum Ridley Đỗ quyên vòi dài ML42 
Rhododendron vialii Delavay & Franch. Hồng mã ngân hoa ML47 
Lyonia villosa var. villosa Ridley Cà di lông ML52 
Monotropastrum humile (D. Don) Hata Lan thủy tinh ML62 
Rhododendron maddenii sub sp. crissum (Franch.) Cullen Đỗ quyên sa pa ML69 
Rhododendron hainanense Merr. Đỗ quyên hải nam ML76 
Enkianthus quinqueflorus var. serrulatus Wilson Trợ hoa lá có răng ML82 
Figure 2 and table 1 represent 11 species of 
Ericaceae in Muong La NR. The results 
indicate that those species of Rhododendron 
genus are dominant species recorded in the 
study areas whereas other genera are 
investigated only one species. The information 
of 11 Ericaceae species in this research will 
provide a valuable information of Ericaceae for 
the flora of Muong La NR and Vietnam. 
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Table 2. Diversity of Ericaceae species 
Genera Muong La NR 
Hoang Lien 
National Parka 
Copia NRb Xuan Nha NRc 
Agapetes 0 2 0 0 
Craibiodendron 1 0 1 1 
Enkianthus 1 2 0 2 
Gaultheria 0 4 0 0 
Leucothoe 0 1 0 0 
Lyonia 1d 3 0 0 
Monotropastrum 1d 0 0 0 
Pieris 0 1 0 0 
Rhododendron 6 10 3 3 
Vaccinium 1 15 0 2 
Total 11 38 4 8 
a The result of biodiversity survey in Hoang Lien National Park, Lao Cai province, 2005. 
b The result of biodiversity survey in Copia NR, Son La province, 2002. 
c The result of biodiversity survey in Xuan Nha NR, Son La province, 2003. 
d Trang et al., 2017. 
It can be seen in table 2, the number of 
Ericaceae species in Muong La NR is compared to 
that of different areas. Hoang Lien National Park is 
the most diversity area with 38 species, followed 
by Muong La NR, Xuan Nha NR, and Copia NR 
with 11, 8, and 4 species, respectively. Although 
Muong La NR has the number of Ericaceae species 
lower than that of Hoang Lien NP, its numbers of 
species are still greater than that of the two Nature 
Reserves in Son La province. 
A 
B 
C 
D 
E 
F 
Figure 2. Identified species of Ericaceae in Muong La NR 
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G H I 
K 
L 
Figure 2. Identified species of Ericaceae in Muong La NR (cont.) 
A: Rhododendron arborium subsp. cinnamomum (Lindl) Tagg. 
B: Vaccinium dunalianum Wight. 
C: Rhododendron tanastylum var. tanastylum Ridley. 
D: Enkianthus quinqueflorus var. serrulatus Wilson. 
E: Rhododendron nuttalii Booth. 
F: Rhododendron maddenii subsp. crassum (Franch.) Cullen. 
G: Rhododendron vialii Delavay & Franch. 
H: Craibiodendron henryi W. W. Sm. 
I: Rhododendron hainanense Merr. 
K: Monotropastrum humile (D. Don) Hata. 
L: Lyonia villosa var. villosa Ridley. 
3.2. Phenological characteristics of Ericaceae 
species in Muong La NR 
Results of flowering and fruiting periods of 
11 species are indicated in table 3. The 
flowering time of only three species were 
recorded in from July consisting of 
Rhododendron maddenii subsp. crassum 
(Franch.) Cullen, Lyonia villosa var. villosa 
Ridley, and Rhododendron arborium subsp. 
cinnamomum (Lindl) Tagg, other species 
were not observed their flowering time in July. 
Regarding the fruiting time, except five 
species consisting of Rhododendron maddenii 
subsp. crassum (Franch.) Cullen, Lyonia 
villosa var. villosa Ridley, Rhododendron 
vialii Delavay & Franch., Rhododendron 
arborium subsp. cinnamomum (Lindl) Tagg, 
and Rhododendron hainanense Merr., other 
species were found to have fruiting time in 
July. Ericaceae species had different 
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flowering and fruiting times (Ho, 2003). 
According to previous studies, nine species 
had flowering period from March to August, 
whereas two species bloomed from December 
to March (Ban, 2000; Chi, 2004; Ho, 1999) 
(Table 3). Particularly, the fruiting time of 
Rhododendron tanastylum var. tanastylum 
Ridley and Rhododendron nuttalii Booth were 
recorded in July in this study which were 
different to observation of previous research 
from September to December (Ban, 2000; Chi, 
2004; Ho, 1999). It can be explained because 
of the differences from soil and weather 
conditions among studied sites. 
Table 3. Flowering and fruiting time of species of Ericaceae 
Species 
Observations References 
Flower Fruit Flower Flower 
Rhododendron tanastylum var. 
tanastylum Ridley 
- July 
March - July 
(Ban, 2000; Chi, 2004) 
November 
(Ho, 1999; 
Ban, 2000; Chi, 2004) 
Rhododendron nuttalii Booth - July 
June - August 
(Ho, 1999; Chi, 2004) 
September - December 
(Ho, 1999; 
Ban, 2000; Chi, 2004) 
Rhododendron maddenii subsp. 
crassum (Franch.) Cullen 
July - 
June - August 
(Ho, 1999; 
Ban, 2000; Chi, 2004) 
November 
(Ho, 1999; 
Ban, 2000; Chi, 2004) 
Rhododendron arborium subsp. 
cinnamomum (Lindl) Tagg 
June –
July 
- 
June - August 
(Ho, 1999; Chi, 2004) 
November 
(Ho, 1999; Chi, 2004) 
Rhododendron hainanense Merr. - - 
December - January 
(Chi, 2004) 
September 
(Ban, 2000) 
Rhododendron vialii Delavay 
& Franch. 
- - 
April 
(Ho, 1999; Chi, 2004) 
- 
Craibiodendron henryi 
W.W.Sm. 
- July 
June 
(Ban, 2000) 
July - August 
(Ban, 2000) 
Vaccinium dunalianum Wight. - July 
April - December 
(Ho, 1999; 
Ban, 2000; Chi, 2004) 
April - December 
(Ho, 1999; 
Ban, 2000; Chi, 2004) 
Enkianthus quinqueflorus var. 
serrulatus Wilson 
- July 
February - March 
(Ho, 1999; 
Ban, 2000; Chi, 2004) 
May - September 
(Ho, 1999; 
Ban, 2000; Chi, 2004) 
Lyonia villosa var. villosa Ridley July - 
June - July 
(Ho, 1999; 
Ban, 2000; Chi, 2004) 
August 
(Ho, 1999; 
Ban, 2000; Chi, 2004) 
Monotropastrum humile 
 (D. Don) Hata 
- July 
March - May 
(Ho, 1999; 
Ban, 2000; Chi, 2004) 
- 
(-) Not observed. 
3.3. Distribution of Ericaceae species in 
Muong La NR 
The distributions of 11 species in Ericaceae 
are shown in table 4 and figure 3. The result 
indicated that, those species distribute from 
1,500 to 2,400 m above sea level (asl). Of 
which, Ta Sua mountain, a protected area 
covered by primary forest status, is the most 
suitable place for Ericaceae species growth. In 
Ta Sua, six species were investigated at 2,300 
m asl. and three species were recorded from 
1,500 - 2,000 m asl. It is found that Ta Sua has 
more diversity species than other places 
because this area might be less affected by 
humans than other places. 
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Table 4. Distribution of species in Ericaceae 
Scientific names 
Sample 
codes 
Located points 
Altitude 
(m) 
Forest status 
Rhododendron aff. hainanense Merr. ML76 E00508879/N02393008 1629 
Evergreen 
subtropical forest 
Rhododendron vialii Delavay & Franch. ML47 E00508879/N02393008 1629 
Evergreen 
subtropical forest 
Vaccinium aff. dunalianum Wight ML05 E00510943/N02391429 1717 
Evergreen 
subtropical forest 
Rhododendron arborium subsp. 
cinnamomum (Lindl) Tagg 
ML32 E00509094/N02394002 2328 
Evergreen 
subtropical forest 
Rhododendron tanastylum var. 
tanastylum Ridley 
ML42 E00509444/N02394059 2433 
Evergreen 
subtropical forest 
Rhododendron nuttallii Booth ML 41 E00509444/N02394060 2434 
Evergreen 
subtropical forest 
Rhododendron maddenii subsp. 
crassum (Franch.) Cullen 
ML69 E00509444/N02394061 2435 
Evergreen 
subtropical forest 
Enkianthus quinqueflorus var. 
serrulatus Wilson 
ML82 E00509444/N02394061 2435 
Evergreen 
subtropical forest 
Craibiodendron henryi W.W.Sm ML02 E00509444/N02394061 2435 
Evergreen 
subtropical forest 
Lyonia villosa var. villosa Ridley ML52 E00509444/N02394061 2435 
Evergreen 
subtropical forest 
Monotropastrum humile (D. Don) Hata ML62 E00509094/N02394002 2328 
Evergreen 
subtropical forest 
Figure 3. Distribution of family Ericaceae in Muong La NR 
: Distributed areas of Ericaceae 
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IV. DISCUSSION 
Four Ericaceae species were recorded in 
Copia NR (The result of biodiversity survey in 
Copia NR, Son La province, 2002). Besides, 
eight species investigated in Xuan Nha NR (The 
result of biodiversity survey in Xuan Nha NR, 
Son La province, 2003). In particular, Hoang 
Lien National Park in Lao Cai provine with 
29,509 ha is considered a extremely suiable 
place for growth and development of Ericaceae. 
There are 38 species of eight genera (Agapetes, 
Enkianthus, Gaultheria, Leucothoe, Lyonia, 
Pieris, Rhododendron and Vaccinium) were 
found (The result of biodiversity survey in 
Hoang Lien National Park, Lao Cai province, 
2005). Based on the initial results obtained in 
this study, Muong La NR is thought to have 
more Ericaceae species than Copia and Xuan 
Nha but less than that of Hoang Lien NR. One 
important is that Muong La is a new NR in 
Vietnam. There are very few studies on 
Ericaceae species resulting in many Ericaceae 
species might be still unknown. 
The fruiting time of two Ericaceae species 
(including: Rhododendron tanastylum var. 
tanastylum Ridley, Rhododendron nuttallii 
Booth) is from September to December (Ho, 
1999; Ban, 2000; Chi, 2004). However, in this 
study, the fruiting time of those species is from 
July to August. Besides, three Ericaceae species 
(including Rhododendron tanastylum var. 
tanastylum Ridley; Rhododendron nuttallii 
Booth, and Rhododendron arborium subsp. 
cinnamomum (Lindl) Tagg) are distributed from 
2,300 m to 2,500 m above sea level which 
compared to between 1,200 m to 3,000 m (Chi, 
2004). Moreover, Vaccinium aff. dunalianum 
Wight is located at elevation lower than 1,500 
m (Chi, 2004), while this species is distributed 
at elevation higher than 1,700 m in this study 
site. 
Furthermore, the information of indigenous 
knowledge about Ericaceae species illustrates 
that most of local people have good 
understanding of Ericaceae. However, their 
ability of plant indentification is still limited. 
Local people can categorise what species 
belong to the Ericaceae based on the common 
characteristics of the family and they know well 
where those species distribute in study area. 
Information collected from PRA surveys played 
important role for the following forest inventory. 
Such information, though, is incompleted, it 
contributed significantly to our discovery of 
wide range new records of those species in 
Ericaceae in Muong La NR. Therefore, 
ethnobotany is an important component of any 
botanical study. 
This study is the first time determination of 
the number of Ericaceae species in Muong La 
NR. The results provide information for the 
conservation activity of Ericaceae species in the 
future. For further work, seedling observation 
will be conducted with those species of 
Ericaceae in this study site. 
V. CONCLUSION 
In comparison with previous studies, this 
research reported the distributed areas of 11 
species of Ericaceae in Muong La NR including 
Rhododendron arborium subsp. 
cinnamomum (Lindl) Tagg, Vaccinium 
dunalianum Wight, Rhododendron tanastylum 
var. tanastylum Ridley, Enkianthus 
quinqueflorus var. serrulatus Wilson, 
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Rhododendron nuttalii Booth, Rhododendron 
maddenii subsp. crassum (Franch.) Cullen, 
Rhododendron vialii Delavay & Franch., 
Craibiodendron henryi W.W.Sm., 
Rhododendron hainanense Merr., 
Monotropastrum humile (D. Don) Hata, and 
Lyonia villosa var. villosa Ridley. Those species 
distribute in the forest where the altitude at 
1,500 - 2,400 m asl. The flowering and fruiting 
periods of nine species were reported in this 
study. Due to the diversity of species and 
beautiful flowers, Ericaceae species may be a 
promising source of horticulture. 
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 
The study was funded by the Rufford Small 
Grants Foundation (18719 - 1). We are grateful 
to the following persons for their assistance in 
collecting plant materials: Mr. Lo The Thi, 
Sung A Giang, Lo Van Sien, Duong Van 
Hoang, Lo Van Trieu (Son La Province). 
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NGHIÊN CỨU THÀNH PHẦN VÀ PHÂN BỐ CÁC LOÀI 
TRONG HỌ ĐỖ QUYÊN (ERICACEAE) 
TẠI KHU BẢO TỒN THIÊN NHIÊN MƯỜNG LA - SƠN LA 
Phạm Thành Trang1, Nguyễn Thị Thu2, Phùng Thị Tuyến3, 
Đỗ Văn Trường4, Lý Tà Chun5, Hoàng Mạnh Quyền6 
1,2,3,5,6Trường Đại học Lâm nghiệp 
 4Bảo tàng Thiên nhiên Quốc gia Việt Nam, Viện Khoa học và Công nghệ Việt Nam 
TÓM TẮT 
Kết quả điều tra đã bổ sung cho hệ thực vật tại Khu bảo tồn thiên nhiên Mường La, Sơn La 11 loài thuộc 6 chi 
trong họ Đỗ quyên (Ericaceae). Chi Rhododendron có số lượng loài lớn nhất là 6 loài, các chi Craibiodendron, 
Vaccinium, Lyonia, Monotropastrum, Enkianthus chỉ xác định được 1 loài. Thời gian ra hoa và kết quả của các 
loài đã được điều tra và tổng hợp trong nghiên cứu này. Kết quả cho thấy, chủ yếu các loài có thời gian ra quả 
vào tháng 7. Kết quả điều tra cũng chỉ ra rằng các loài Đỗ quyên tại Khu bảo tồn thiên nhiên Mường La phân 
bố ở độ cao từ 1.500 m đến trên 2.400 m so với mực nước biển, nơi có khí hậu mát và quanh năm có sương mù. 
Các loài cây này mọc rải rác trong rừng kín thường xanh ẩm á nhiệt đới hoặc thành từng đám nhỏ trên núi cao. 
Kết quả điều tra đã bổ sung thông tin quan trọng về họ Đỗ quyên cho hệ thực vật tại Khu bảo tồn thiên nhiên 
Mường La. Đây là cơ sở ban đầu cho những nghiên cứu tiếp theo về Đỗ quyên. 
Từ khóa: Đỗ quyên, Ericaceae, Khu bảo tồn thiên nhiên Mường La, phân bố. 
Received : 20/8/2017 
Revised : 21/3/2018 
Accepted : 02/4/2018