Bài giảng Phát triển phần mềm nguồn mở - Bài 7: Route, views, blade templates - Nguyễn Hữu Thể

 PHÁT TRIỂN PHẦN MỀM NGUỒN MỞ
ROUTE, VIEWS, BLADE TEMPLATES
 Nguyễn Hữu Thể
 Routing
− Basic Routing
− Route Parameters 
 • Required Parameters
 • Optional Parameters
 • Regular Expression Constraints
− Named Routes
− Route Groups 
 • Middleware
 • Namespaces
 • Sub-Domain Routing
 • Route Prefixes
− Route Model Binding 
 • Implicit Binding
 • Explicit Binding
− Form Method Spoofing
− Accessing The Current Route
 2
 Routing
Image from:  3
 Basic Routing
− Laravel routes: providing a very simple and 
 expressive method of defining routes:
 Route::get ('/', function () {
 return view('welcome');
 } );
− For most applications, you will begin by defining 
 routes in your routes/web.php file.
− Test: 
 4
 Basic Routing
 Route::get ( 'foo', function () {
 return 'Hello World';
 } );
− Test: 
 5
 Available Router Methods
− The router allows you to register routes that respond 
 to any HTTP verb:
 Route::get($uri, $callback);
 Route::post($uri, $callback);
 Route::put($uri, $callback);
 Route::patch($uri, $callback);
 Route::delete($uri, $callback);
 Route::options($uri, $callback);
 6
 Route Parameters
Route::get ( 'foo', function () {
 return 'Hello World';
} );
Route::get ( '/', function () {
 return 'Hello World';
} );
Route::post ( 'foo/bar', function () {
 return 'Hello World';
} );
Route::put ( 'foo/bar', function () {
 //
} );
Route::delete ( 'foo/bar', function () {
 //
} );
 7
 Responds to multiple HTTP
− Using the match method. 
 Route::match ( [ 'get','post' ], '/', function () {
 return 'Hello World';
 } );
− Or, register a route that responds to all HTTP verbs 
 using the any method.
 Route::any ( 'foo', function () {
 return 'Hello World';
 } );
 8
 Route Parameters
− You may need to capture a user's ID from the URL. 
 You may do so by defining route parameters:
 Route::get ( 'hello/{name}', function ($name) {
 return 'Hello ' . $name;
 } );
 9
 Route Parameters
− You may define as many route parameters as required 
 by your route:
 Route::get ( 'posts/{post}/comments/{comment}', 
 function ($postId, $commentId) {
 //
 } );
− Note:
 • Route parameters are always encased within {} braces and 
 should consist of alphabetic characters. 
 • Route parameters may not contain a - character. Use an 
 underscore (_) instead.
 10
 Optional Parameters
− Placing a ? mark after the parameter name. Make 
 sure: a default value
 Route::get ( 'user/{name?}', function ($name = null) {
 if ($name == null)
 //Response to 
 else 
 //Response to 
 } );
 Route::get ( 'user/{name?}', function ($name = 'John') {
 return $name;
 } );
 11
 Regular Expression Constraints
− Constrain the format of your route parameters using 
 the where method on a route instance.
 Route::get ( 'user/{name}', function ($name) {
 return $name;
 } )->where ( 'name', '[A-Za-z]+' );
 Route::get ( 'user/{id}', function ($id) {
 return $id;
 } )->where ( 'id', '[0-9]+' );
 Route::get ( 'user/{id}/{name}', function ($id, $name) {
 return $id . ' ' . $name;
 } )->where ( [ 'id' => '[0-9]+','name' => '[a-z]+' ] );
 12
Regular Expression Constraints
 13
 Global Constraints
− A route parameter to always be constrained by a given regular 
 expression, use the pattern method. 
− Define these patterns in the boot method of your 
 RouteServiceProvider: app\Providers\RouteServiceProvider.php
 public function boot(){
 Route::pattern('id', '[0-9]+');
 parent::boot();
 }
− Once the pattern has been defined, it is automatically applied to all routes 
 using that parameter name:
 Route::get('user/{id}', function ($id) {
 // Only executed if {id} is numeric...
 });
 14
 Named Routes
− The convenient generation of URLs or redirects for 
 specific routes. 
− name method:
 Route::get ( 'user/profile', function () {
 //
 } )->name ( 'profile' );
− You may also specify route names for controller actions:
 Route::get('user/profile', 
 'UserController@showProfile')->name('profile');
 15
 Generating URLs To Named Routes
− Use the route's name when generating URLs or redirects via 
 the global route function:
 // Generating URLs...
 $url = route('profile');
 // Generating Redirects...
 return redirect()->route('profile');
− If the named route defines parameters, you may pass the 
 parameters as the second argument to the route function. 
 Route::get('user/{id}/profile', function ($id) {
 //
 })->name('profile');
 $url = route('profile', ['id' => 1]);
 16
 Route Groups
− Share route attributes:
 • middleware 
 • Namespaces
 • Sub-Domain Routing
 • Route Prefixes
− Shared attributes are specified in an array format as 
 the first parameter to the Route::group() method.
 17
 Middleware
− To assign middleware to all routes within a group, 
 you may use the middleware key in the group 
 attribute array. 
 Route::group ( [ 'middleware' => 'auth' ], function () {
 Route::get ( '/', function () {
 // Uses Auth Middleware
 } );
 Route::get ( 'user/profile', function () {
 // Uses Auth Middleware
 } );
 } );
 18
 Namespaces
− Use-case for route groups is assigning the same PHP 
 namespace to a group of controllers using the namespace
 parameter in the group array:
 Route::group ( [ 'namespace' => 'Admin' ], function () {
 // Controllers Within The 
 //"App\Http\Controllers\Admin" Namespace
 } );
− Default: the RouteServiceProvider includes your route 
 files within a namespace group, allowing you to register 
 controller routes without specifying the full 
 App\Http\Controllers namespace prefix.
 19
 Sub-Domain Routing
− Route groups may also be used to handle sub-domain 
 routing. 
− The sub-domain may be specified using the domain
 key on the group attribute array:
 Route::group(['domain' => '{account}.myapp.com'], function () {
 Route::get('user/{id}', function ($account, $id) {
 //
 });
 });
 20
 Route Prefixes
− The prefix group attribute may be used to prefix each 
 route in the group with a given URI. 
 • For example, you may want to prefix all route URIs within 
 the group with admin.
 Route::group ( [ 'prefix' => 'admin' ], function () {
 Route::get ( 'users', function () {
 // Matches The "/admin/users" URL
 } );
 } );
 21
 Implicit Binding
− Laravel automatically resolves Eloquent models
 defined in routes or controller actions whose variable
 names match a route segment name. For example:
 Route::get('api/users/{user}', function (App\User $user) {
 return $user->email;
 });
− In this example:
 • Since the Eloquent $user variable defined on the route
 matches the {user} segment in the route's URI,
 • Laravel will automatically inject the model instance that has
 an ID matching the corresponding value from the request
 URI.
 22
 Customizing The Key Name
− Model binding to use a database column other than id 
 when retrieving a given model class:
 • Override the getRouteKeyName method on the Eloquent 
 model:
 // Get the route key for the model.
 // @return string
 public function getRouteKeyName(){
 return 'slug';
 }
 23
 Explicit Binding
− Use the router's model method. 
 • In the boot method of the RouteServiceProvider class:
 public function boot(){
 parent::boot();
 Route::model('user', App\User::class);
 }
− Next, define a route that contains a {user} parameter:
 Route::get ( 'profile/{user}', function (App\User $user) {
 //
 } );
− Since we have bound all {user} parameters to the App\User 
 model, 
 • A User instance will be injected into the route. 
 • For example, a request to profile/1 will inject the User 
 instance from the database which has an ID of 1.
 24
 Customizing The Resolution Logic
− Use your own resolution logic
 • Use the Route::bind method. 
 public function boot(){
 parent::boot();
 Route::bind('user', function ($value) {
 return App\User::where('name', $value)->first();
 });
 }
 25
 Form Method Spoofing
− HTML forms do not support PUT, PATCH or DELETE 
 actions. 
 • So, when defining PUT, PATCH or DELETE routes that are 
 called from an HTML form, you will need to add a hidden 
 _method field to the form. 
 • The value sent with the _method field will be used as the 
 HTTP request method.
− Use the method_field helper to generate the _method 
 input:
 {{ method_field('PUT') }}
 26
 Accessing The Current Route
− To access information about the route handling the 
 incoming request.
 $route = Route::current ();
 $name = Route::currentRouteName ();
 $action = Route::currentRouteAction ();
 27
 Views
1. Creating Views
2. Passing Data To Views
3. Sharing Data With All Views
4. View Composers
 28
 Views
Image from: khoapham.vn 29
 Views
− Views contain the HTML served by your application and 
 separate your controller / application logic from your 
 presentation logic. 
− Views are stored in the resources/views directory. 
 Hello, {{ $name }}
− This view is stored at resources/views/greeting.blade.php
 Route::get('/', function () {
 return view('greeting', ['name' => 'James']);
 });
 30
 Route::get('/', function () {
 return view('greeting', ['name' => 'James']);
 });
− The first argument: the name of the view. 
− The second argument is an array of data that should be made 
 available to the view. 
❖ Views may also be nested within sub-directories of the 
 resources/views directory. 
 • For example, if your view is stored at 
 resources/views/admin/profile.blade.php, you may reference 
 it like so:
 return view('admin.profile', $data);
 31
 Determining If A View Exists
− If you need to determine if a view exists, you may use the 
 View facade. The exists method will return true if the 
 view exists:
 use Illuminate\Support\Facades\View;
 if (View::exists ( 'emails.customer' )) {
 //
 }
 32
 Passing Data To Views
− An array of data to views:
 return view('greetings', [ 'name' => 'Victoria', 
 'job'=>'Developer, 
 'more_data'=> $data
 ]);
− Data should be an array with key/value pairs. 
 • Inside your view, you can then access each value using its 
 corresponding key, such as . 
 • You may use the with method to add individual pieces of 
 data to the view:
 return view('greeting')->with('name', 'Victoria');
 33
 Sharing Data With All Views
− Share a piece of data with all views that are rendered by 
 your application. 
 • Using the view facade's share method within a service 
 provider's boot method.
 • Add them to the AppServiceProvider.
 namespace App\Providers;
 use Illuminate\Support\ServiceProvider;
 class AppServiceProvider extends ServiceProvider{
 public function boot() {
 View::share('key', 'value');
 }
 public function register() {
 //
 }
 }
 34
 Sharing Data With All Views - Example
− Step 1 − Add the following line in routes/web.php
 Route::get('/test', function(){
 return view('test');
 });
 Route::get('/test2', function(){
 return view('test2');
 });
− Step 2 − Create two view files — test.php and test2.php with the same 
 code. These are the two files which will share data. 
 resources/views/test.php & resources/views/test2.php
 35
 Sharing Data With All Views - Example
− Step 3 − Change the code of boot method in the file 
 app/Providers/AppServiceProvider.php as shown below. 
− (Here, we have used share method and the data that we have passed will be 
 shared with all the views.) 
− app/Providers/AppServiceProvider.php
 namespace App\Providers;
 use Illuminate\Support\ServiceProvider;
 class AppServiceProvider extends ServiceProvider{
 public function boot(){
 view()->share('name', 'Nguyễn Trần Lê'); 
 }
 public function register() {
 //
 }
 }
 36
 Sharing Data With All Views - Example
− Step 4 − Visit the following URLs.
 • 
 • 
 37
 View Composers
− Callbacks or class methods that are called when a view is 
 rendered. 
− For this example:
 • Let's register the view composers within a service provider.
 • We'll use the View facade to access 
 Illuminate\Contracts\View\Factory. 
 • Laravel does not include a default directory for view 
 composers.
 • For example, you could create an 
 App\Http\ViewComposers directory:
 38
 View Composers
− Create an App\Http\ViewComposers directory:
 namespace App\Providers;
 use Illuminate\Support\Facades\View;
 use Illuminate\Support\ServiceProvider;
 class ComposerServiceProvider extends ServiceProvider {
 public function boot() {
 // Using class based composers...
 View::composer ( 'profile', 'App\Http\ViewComposers\ProfileComposer' );
 // Using Closure based composers...
 View::composer ( 'dashboard', function ($view) {
 //
 } );
 }
 public function register() {
 //
 }
 }
 39
 View Composers
− Now that we have registered the composer, 
− The ProfileComposer@compose method will be executed 
 each time the profile view is being rendered:
 namespace App\Http\ViewComposers;
 use Illuminate\View\View;
 use App\Repositories\UserRepository;
 class ProfileComposer{
 protected $users;
 public function __construct(UserRepository $users){
 // Dependencies automatically resolved by service container...
 $this->users = $users;
 }
 public function compose(View $view) {
 $view->with('count', $this->users->count());
 }
 }
 40
 Attaching A Composer To Multiple Views
− Attach a view composer to multiple views: 
 • the first argument to the composer method:
 View::composer(
 ['profile', 'dashboard'],
 'App\Http\ViewComposers\MyViewComposer'
 );
− The * character as a wildcard, attach a composer to 
 all views:
 View::composer('*', function ($view) {
 //
 });
 41
 View Creators
− View creators are very similar to view composers;
− They are executed immediately after the view is 
 instantiated instead of waiting until the view is about to 
 render. 
 View::creator('profile', 
 'App\Http\ViewCreators\ProfileCreator');
 42
 BLADE TEMPLATES
1. Introduction
2. Template Inheritance 
 ▪ Defining A Layout
 ▪ Extending A Layout
3. Displaying Data 
 ▪ Blade & JavaScript Frameworks
4. Control Structures 
 ▪ If Statements
 ▪ Loops
 ▪ The Loop Variable
 ▪ Comments
 ▪ PHP
5. Including Sub-Views 
 ▪ Rendering Views For Collections
6. Stacks
 43
 BLADE TEMPLATES
Image from: khoapham.vn 44
 Giới thiệu Blade Templates
− Cho phép sử dụng code PHP thuần ở trong view. 
− Các Blade view được compiled từ code PHP và được 
 cache cho đến khi chúng được chỉnh sửa => không làm 
 tăng thêm bộ nhớ. 
− Sử dụng đuôi .blade.php
 • Lưu trong resources/views.
 45
 Layout
2 lợi ích khi sử dụng Blade: template inheritance và sections. 
 App Name - @yield('title')
 @section('sidebar')
 This is the master sidebar.
 @show
 @yield('content')
 @yield('title') is used to display the value of the title
 @section('sidebar') is used to define a section named sidebar
 @show is used to display the contents of a section
 @yield('content') is used to display the contents of content 46
 Kế thừa một layout
− Khi tạo một trang con, sử dụng Blade @extends directive 
 để chỉ ra layout của trang con này "inherit" từ đâu. 
− Views kế thừa một Blade layout có thể inject nội dung 
 vào trong sections using @section directives của layout. 
 @extends('layouts.app')
 @section('title', 'Page Title')
 @section('sidebar')
 @parent
 This is appended to the master sidebar.
 @endsection
 @section('content')
 This is my body content.
 @endsection 47
 Kế thừa một layout
− Blade views có thể được trả về từ routes bằng cách sử 
 dụng hàm global view
 Route::get('blade', function () {
 return view('child');
 });
 48
 @extends('app')
 App Name - @yield('title') @section('title', 'Page Title')
 @section('sidebar')
 @section('sidebar') @parent
 This is the master sidebar.
 @show This is appended to the master 
 sidebar.
 @endsection
 @yield('content')
 @section('content')
 This is my body content.
 @endsection
Route::get ( 'blade', function () {
return view ( 'child' );
} );
 49
 Hiển thị dữ liệu
− Truyền dữ liệu vào Blade views bằng cách đặt biến trong cặp 
 ngoặc nhọn. 
 Route::get ( 'greeting', function () {
 return view ( 'welcome', [ 'name' => 'Samantha' ] );
 } );
− Hiển thị nội dung của biến name variable như sau:
 Hello, {{ $name }}
 50
 Hiển thị dữ liệu nếu tồn tại
− Cú pháp kiểm tra biến:
 {{ isset($name) ? $name : 'Default' }}
− Hoặc:
 {{ $name or 'Default' }}
 51
 Hiện dữ liệu chưa Unescaped
− Mặc định, cặp {{ }} được tự động gửi qua hàm 
 htmlentities của PHP để ngăn chặn tấn công XSS. 
− Nếu không muốn dữ liệu bị escaped, sử dụng cú pháp:
 Hello, {!! $name !!}. 
 Hello, {{ $name }}. 
 52
 Blade & JavaScript Frameworks
− Vì nhiều JavaScript frameworks cũng sử dụng cặp "ngoặc 
 nhọn" để cho biết một biểu thức cần được hiển thị lên 
 trình duyệt.
 ➢ Có thể sử dụng biểu tượng @ để nói cho Blade biết được biểu 
 thức này cần được giữ lại. 
 Laravel Hello, @{{ name }}.
 53
 The @verbatim Directive
− Nếu muốn hiển thị biến JavaScript trong template 
 ➔ Bọc chúng trong directive
 @verbatim 
 Hello, {{ name }}. 
 54
 Cấu trúc điều kiện
− Cấu trúc if:
 • @if, @elseif, @else, và @endif.
 @if (count($records) === 1)
 I have one record!
 @elseif (count($records) > 1)
 I have multiple records!
 @else
 I don't have any records!
 @endif
 55
 Vòng lặp
@for ($i = 0; $i < 10; $i++)
 The current value is {{ $i }}
@endfor
@foreach ($users as $user)
 This is user {{ $user->id }}
@endforeach
@while (true)
 I'm looping forever.
@endwhile
 56
 Continue
@foreach ($users as $user)
 @if ($user->type == 1)
 @continue
 @endif
 {{ $user->name }}
 @if ($user->number == 5)
 @break
 @endif
@endforeach
 57
 Continue
@foreach ($users as $user)
 @continue($user->type == 1)
 {{ $user->name }}
 @break($user->number == 5)
@endforeach
 58
 Biến vòng lặp
− Trong vòng lặp:
 • Một biến $loop sẽ tồn tại bên trong vòng lặp. 
 • Cho phép truy cập một số thông tin hữu ích của vòng lặp 
 như index của vòng lặp hiện tại, vòng lặp đầu, vòng lặp cuối
 @foreach ($users as $user)
 @if ($loop->first)
 This is the first iteration.
 @endif
 @if ($loop->last)
 This is the last iteration.
 @endif
 This is user {{ $user->id }}
 @endforeach
 59
 Biến vòng lặp
− Nếu vòng lặp lồng nhau, truy cập biến $loop của vòng lặp 
 tra qua thuộc tính parent:
 @foreach ($users as $user)
 @foreach ($user->posts as $post)
 @if ($loop->parent->first)
 This is first iteration of the parent loop.
 @endif
 @endforeach
 @endforeach
 60
 Biến $loop
Thuộc tính Miêu tả
$loop->index Chỉ số index hiện tại của vòng lặp (starts at 0).
$loop->iteration Các vòng lặp hiện tại (starts at 1).
$loop->remaining Số vòng lặp còn lại.
$loop->count Tổng số vòng lặp.
$loop->first Vòng lặp đầu tiên.
$loop->last Vòng lặp cuối cùng.
$loop->depth Độ sâu của vòng lặp hiện tại.
 Biến parent loop của vòng lặp trong 1 vòng lặp 
$loop->parent
 lồng.
 61
 Comments
− Blade cho phép comment trong view. 
 {{-- This comment will not be present in the rendered HTML --}}
 62
 Including Sub-Views
− @include: chèn một Blade view từ một view khác.
− Tất cả các biến tồn tại trong view cha đều có thể sử dụng 
 ở view chèn thêm.
 @include('shared.errors')
− Truyền một mảng dữ liệu bổ sung cho view
 @include('view.name', ['some' => 'data'])
 63
 Rendering Views cho Collections
− Có thể kết hợp vòng lặp và view chèn thêm trong một 
 dòng với @each directive
 @each('view.name', $jobs, 'job')
 • Tham số thứ nhất là tên của view partial để render các element 
 trong mảng hay collection. 
 • Tham số thứ hai là một mảng hoặc collection mà bạn muốn lặp
 • Tham số thứ ba là tên của biến được gán vào trong vòng lặp bên 
 view. 
 64
 Stacks
− Để xác định thư viện JavaScript libraries cần cho view 
 con:
 • Blade cho phép đẩy tên stack để cho việc render ở một vị trí nào 
 trong view hoặc layout khác.
 @push('scripts')
 @endpush
− Có thể đẩy một hoặc nhiều vào stack. 
 @stack('scripts')
 65
 Mở rộng Blade
− Tùy biến directives bằng phương thức directive. Khi trình 
 viên dịch của Blade gặp directive, nó sẽ gọi tới callback 
 được cung cấp với tham số tương ứng.
 namespace App\Providers;
 use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Blade;
 use Illuminate\Support\ServiceProvider;
 class AppServiceProvider extends ServiceProvider {
 public function boot() {
 Blade::directive('datetime', function($expression) {
 return "format('m/d/Y H:i'); ?>";
 });
 }
 public function register() {
 //
 }
 }
 66
 Forms & HTML
− Laravel provides various in built tags to handle HTML 
 forms easily and securely. 
− All the major elements of HTML are generated using 
 Laravel. 
− To support this, we need to add HTML package to 
 Laravel using composer.
 67
 Forms & HTML - Instalation
− Begin by installing this package through Composer. Run the following 
 from the terminal:
 composer require "laravelcollective/html":"^5.3.0"
− Next, add your new provider to the providers array of config/app.php:
 'providers' => [
 // ...
 Collective\Html\HtmlServiceProvider::class,
 // ...
 ],
− Finally, add two class aliases to the aliases array of config/app.php:
 'aliases' => [
 // ...
 'Form' => Collective\Html\FormFacade::class,
 'Html' => Collective\Html\HtmlFacade::class,
 // ...
 ], 68
 Forms & HTML - Opening A Form
 {!! Form::open(['url' => 'foo/bar']) !!}
 //
 {!! Form::close() !!}
− By default, a POST method will be assumed; however, you are 
 free to specify another method:
 echo Form::open(['url' => 'foo/bar', 'method' => 'put'])
− Note: Since HTML forms only support POST and GET, PUT 
 and DELETE methods will be spoofed by automatically 
 adding a _method hidden field to your form.
 69
 Forms & HTML - Opening A Form
− You may also open forms that point to named routes or 
 controller actions:
 echo Form::open(['route' => 'route.name'])
 echo Form::open(['action' => 'Controller@method'])
− You may pass in route parameters as well:
 echo Form::open(['route' => ['route.name', $user->id]])
 echo Form::open(['action' => ['Controller@method', 
 $user->id]])
− If your form is going to accept file uploads, add a files option 
 to your array:
 echo Form::open(['url' => 'foo/bar', 'files' => true])
 70
 Forms & HTML - Label 
− Generating A Label Element
 echo Form::label('email', 'E-Mail Address');
− Specifying Extra HTML Attributes
 echo Form::label('email', 'E-Mail Address', ['class' => 
 'awesome']);
− Note: After creating a label, any form element you create with a name 
 matching the label name will automatically receive an ID matching the 
 label name as well.
 71
 Forms & HTML - Text Input
− Generating A Text Input
 echo Form::text('username');
− Specifying A Default Value
 echo Form::text('email', 'example@gmail.com');
− Note: The hidden and textarea methods have the same signature as the text 
 method.
 72
 Forms & HTML - Password Input
− Generating A Password Input
 echo Form::password('password', ['class' => 'awesome']);
− Generating Other Inputs
 echo Form::email($name, $value = null, $attributes = []);
 echo Form::file($name, $attributes = []);
 73
 Forms & HTML - Checkbox Or Radio Input
− Generating A Checkbox Or Radio Input
 echo Form::checkbox('name', 'value');
 echo Form::radio('name', 'value');
− Generating A Checkbox Or Radio Input That Is Checked
 echo Form::checkbox('name', 'value', true);
 echo Form::radio('name', 'value', true);
 74
 Forms & HTML – Number, Date, File
− Generating A Number Input
 echo Form::number('name', 'value');
− Generating A Date Input
 echo Form::date('name', \Carbon\Carbon::now());
− Generating A File Input
 echo Form::file('image');
 75
 Forms & HTML – Drop-Down Lists
− Generating A Number Input
 echo Form::number('name', 'value');
− Generating A Drop-Down List
 echo Form::select('size', ['L' => 'Large', 'S' => 'Small']);
− Generating A Drop-Down List With Selected Default
 echo Form::select('size', ['L' => 'Large', 'S' => 'Small'], 'S');
− Generating a Drop-Down List With an Empty Placeholder
 • This will create an element with no value as the very first option of your drop-
 down.
 echo Form::select('size', ['L' => 'Large', 'S' => 'Small'], null, 
 ['placeholder' => 'Pick a size...']);
 76
 Forms & HTML – Drop-Down Lists
− Generating a List With Multiple Selectable Options
 echo Form::select('size', ['L' => 'Large', 'S' => 'Small'], null, ['multiple' 
 => true]);
− Generating A Grouped List
 echo Form::select('animal',[
 'Cats' => ['leopard' => 'Leopard'],
 'Dogs' => ['spaniel' => 'Spaniel'],
 ]);
− Generating A Drop-Down List With A Range
 echo Form::selectRange('number', 10, 20);
− Generating A List With Month Names
− echo Form::selectMonth('month');
 77
 Forms & HTML – Buttons
− Generating A Submit Button
 echo Form::submit('Click Me!');
− Note: Need to create a button element? Try the button method. It has the 
 same signature as submit.
 78
 Forms & HTML – Generating URLs
− Generate a HTML link to the given URL.
 echo link_to('foo/bar', $title = null, $attributes = [], $secure = null);
− Generate a HTML link to the given asset.
 echo link_to_asset('foo/bar.zip', $title = null, $attributes = [], $secure = 
 null);
− Generate a HTML link to the given named route.
 echo link_to_route('route.name', $title = null, $parameters = [], 
 $attributes = []);
− Generate a HTML link to the given controller action.
 echo link_to_action('HomeController@getIndex', $title = null, 
 $parameters = [], $attributes = []);
 79
 Forms & HTML – Example
− resources/views/form.php
 <?php
 echo Form::open(array('url' => 'foo/bar'));
 echo Form::text('username','nguyentranle') . '';
 echo Form::text('email', 'nguyentranle@gmail.com') . '';
 echo Form::password('password') . '';
 echo Form::checkbox('name', 'value') . 'Checkbox';
 echo Form::radio('name', 'value') . 'Radio button';
 echo Form::file('image') . '';
 echo Form::select('size', array('L' => 'Large', 'S' => 'Small')) . '';
 echo Form::submit('Click Me!');
 echo Form::close();
 ?>
 80
 Forms & HTML – Example
− Routes/web.php
 Route::get('/form',function(){
 return view('form');
 });
− Test: 
 81